{"id":3640,"date":"2019-05-25T09:00:01","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T09:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/43hr.com\/?p=3640"},"modified":"2019-06-01T08:56:57","modified_gmt":"2019-06-01T08:56:57","slug":"thi-mon-hoa-tong-hop-kien-thuc-bang-thong-cau-hoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/43hr.com\/thi-mon-hoa-tong-hop-kien-thuc-bang-thong-cau-hoi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d4n thi m\u00f4n H\u00f3a: T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1ed1t, v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c em h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ed3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd l\u1edbn, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u00fd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng) v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng SGK x\u00e9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc sinh THPT trong gi\u1edd \u00f4n thi\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: \u0110\u1ec3 \u00f4n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hydrocacbon v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hydrocacbon ta n\u00eau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n hydrocacbon no th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng no ho\u1eb7c th\u01a1m?\u00a0– Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p dehydro h\u00f3a v\u00e0 crackinh; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n hydrocacbon kh\u00f4ng no ho\u1eb7c th\u01a1m th\u00e0nh no? – S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hydro h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: \u0110\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n hydrocacbon tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a oxi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? – Oxi h\u00f3a hydrocacbon v\u00e0 hydrat h\u00f3a anken (th\u00e0nh ancol), hay hidrat h\u00f3a ankin (th\u00e0nh andehyd, xeton). Sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n: KMnO4<\/sub>\u00a0lo\u00e3ng l\u1ea1nh oxi h\u00f3a anken s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111iol, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu KMnO4<\/sub>\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1ebb g\u00e3y m\u1ea1ch cacbon t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbonyl.<\/span><\/p>\n C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c “thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc”<\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai do kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. C\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m trong b\u00e0i thi!<\/span><\/p>\n a) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a “d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n” (th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m) hay “d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt” v\u1edbi “d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n: D\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trieste c\u1ee7a glyxerol v\u00e0 c\u00e1c axit b\u00e9o; c\u00f2n d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hydrocacbon.<\/span><\/p>\n b) Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 “quy \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh tan” c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 baz\u01a1, n\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi sai v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n li, sai khi vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ion thu g\u1ecdn:<\/span><\/p>\n – Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng tan m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i AgCl, BaSO4<\/sub>, CaCO3<\/sub>\u2026 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n li m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n – Ion hydro sunfat HSO4<\/sub>– m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u00e2y ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n li kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, n\u00ean khi vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ion kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh H+ v\u00e0 SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ion thu g\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa KHSO4<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 KHCO3<\/sub>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0: HSO4<\/sub>– + HCO3<\/sub>– \u2192 CO2<\/sub>\u2191 + H2<\/sub>O + SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft H+<\/sup>\u00a0+ HCO3<\/sub>– \u2192 CO2<\/sub>\u2191 + H2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/p>\n c) Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai khi x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p>\n – Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “dung d\u1ecbch brom” th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng “n\u01b0\u1edbc brom” th\u00ec dung m\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 H2<\/sub>O. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t CH4<\/sub>\u00a0v\u1edbi C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung d\u1ecbch brom l\u00e0 Br2<\/sub>\/CCl4<\/sub>\u00a0hay Br2<\/sub>\/H2<\/sub>O v\u00ec dung m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t CO2<\/sub>\u00a0v\u1edbi SO2<\/sub>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft andehyd th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng “n\u01b0\u1edbc brom”, v\u00ec H2<\/sub>O tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n SO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Br2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2H2<\/sub>O \u2192H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HBr<\/span><\/p>\n R-CHO + Br2<\/sub>\u00a0+ H2<\/sub>O \u2192 R-COOH + HBr<\/span><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft phenol c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng “n\u01b0\u1edbc brom” v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ion h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Br2<\/sub>: Br2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 Br+<\/sup>\u00a0+ Br–<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n – Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda” \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n b\u00e1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n “ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda” hay “ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y m\u00e0u” th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ebft m\u00e0u b\u1ea9n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n M\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c em m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m oan. C\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n – Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn “kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u” v\u1edbi “m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gluxit; hay m\u00e0u “xanh t\u00edm” c\u1ee7a ph\u00e8n crom-kali KCr(SO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>.12H2<\/sub>O v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 I2 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e0u “t\u00edm” \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa protein v\u00e0 ion Cu2+<\/sup>\u00a0(ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0u biure c\u1ee7a protein v\u1edbi Cu(OH)2<\/sub>); trong khi m\u00e0u “t\u00edm h\u1ed3ng” l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ion MnO4<\/sub>–<\/sup>\u00a0(dung d\u1ecbch thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm KMnO4<\/sub>).<\/span><\/p>\n – C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbohydrat kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u: g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucoz\u01a1, fructoz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, mantoz\u01a1.<\/span><\/p>\n – M\u00e0u tr\u1eafng: AgCl ; BaSO4<\/sub>\u00a0; CaCO3<\/sub>; CaSO4<\/sub>; Zn(OH)2<\/sub>; Al(OH)3<\/sub>; CaO; Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u2193; MgO; Mg(OH)2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\n – M\u00e0u “xanh th\u1eabm” c\u1ee7a ion ph\u1ee9c [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (c\u00f2n\u00a0g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “xanh lam \u0111\u1eadm” hay “xanh lam \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng”) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi “m\u00e0u xanh” (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “xanh lam” c\u1ee7a ion Cu2+ khi b\u1ecb hydrat h\u00f3a (ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 CuSO4 d\u1ea1ng khan c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, c\u00f2n tinh th\u1ec3 ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc CuSO4.5H2O c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh) hay “m\u00e0u xanh” c\u1ee7a Cu(OH)2.<\/span><\/p>\n – M\u00e0u “xanh l\u1ee5c” c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ni(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u00e0u “xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i niken (Ni2+<\/sup>) hay “m\u00e0u xanh” c\u1ee7a ion ph\u1ee9c [Ni(NH3<\/sub>)6<\/sub>]2+<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n